The UK was one of the first countries in the world to mine coal so industrially. Many of those coal mines were abandoned, not all of which are even mapped - though over two thousand recorded waste dumps (coal tips) in South Wales alone hints at the scale. Opencast coal mining left particularly visible scars on the landscape so the voids left over were meant to be filled in after the coal was extracted. When applying for coal mining permission, coal mining companies would sign contracts binding them to pay glowing nature reserves to be established after the coal was extracted. But most of the time, these companies siphon off the profits and declare bankruptcy, or find legal loopholes, to dodge their responsibilities to restore the mess they created.

Fortunately, Councils usually require that a small amount is paid to them by the coal mining company either at the start of a coal mine or as it progresses. But this is often around just 10% of the cost of restoring an opencast coal mine. So when the coal mining companies wriggle out of their contractual duty to clean up the mess they created, the Councils are often forced to then pay these same companies these small amounts of money to do basic works to make the site at least safer and less of an eye-sore for the communities living around it - but at 10%, that money doesn't go far, and can't erase the injustice of broken promises to those communities who also paid in years of coal mining, noise, dust, and disruption. Read our flagship report tracking restoration an seven recent sites across South Wales.

To restore the site of a sprawling opencast coal mine can cost over £100 million. The original Ffos-y-fran restoration scheme is estimated to cost £75-125 million. Merthyr Tydfil Council got £15 million from the coal mining company, Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd in 2019, after taking the company to court. Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd is now refusing to fund the restoration it agreed to, despite posting record profits and selling an extra c640,000 tonnes of coal than it was permitted to.

Despite the injustice of it, the Merthyr Tydfil Council's £15 million will theoretically go further if it's paid to Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd to carry out a zombie restoration compared to a new company, as Merthyr (South Wales) Ltd already has its machinery and employees on site from when it was coal mining. The same happened when Celtic Energy Ltd refused to fund the restoration of four coal mines it operated in South Wales, stealing £100,000s from local communities and paying their Directors huge bonuses that year. Each Council paid Celtic Energy Ltd even more money to carry out zombie restorations at each site, leaving a legacy of bitterness in local communities that's alive today.

Zombie restorations typically cut corners in the following areas:

• Huge voids created buring coal mining are allowed to flood - rather than refilling it by returning many thousands of tonnes of overburden (soil that was removed to access the coal underneath).
  • RESULT: The exposed coal-face to the water leaches heavy metals such as mercury and cadium into the water, and its very deep and cold - AKA massive zombie toxic pools
• Overburden mounds are left wherever they were dumped, and with just the sheerest sides made more sloping.
  • RESULT: This is sub-soil so its stoney, can be high in heavy metals, and the fertility is low so little will grow - AKA zombie moonscape
• Concrete platforms and even structures are left behind to rust
  • RESULT: A dangerous area for young people and animals to explore and an eyesore - AKA a zombie movie-set
• Aftercare to maintain habitat creation is cut back on, dead tree saplings aren't replaced etc
  • RESULT: sparse patches of grass and trees, and erosion off overburden mounds - AKA a post-apolocalyptic Zombie death and decay